Table 1 Characteristics of participants by depression status, as determined by the PHQ
Participant characteristics | No depressive symptoms PHQ < 5 | Mild depressive symptoms (PHQ 5-9) | Moderate to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ > 9) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 29 (48.3) | 14 (23.3) | 17 (28.3) | Â |
Men, n (%) | 23 (79.3) | 9 (64.3) | 13 (76.5) | 0.56 |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 65.4 (13.9) | 62.4 (13.7) | 60.7 (14.4) | 0.53 |
Married or in a relationship, n (%) | 18 (62.1) | 5 (35.7) | 12 (70.6) | 0.13 |
Live alone, n (%) | 7 (25.9) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (9.1) | 0.37 |
High school education or less, n (%) | 18 (62.1) | 9 (64.3) | 10 (58.8) | 0.95 |
Pension as main source of income, n (%) | 22 (75.9) | 11 (78.6) | 12 (70.6) | 0.79 |
Diabetes type 2, n (%) | 23 (79.3) | 13 (92.9) | 12 (70.6) | 0.30 |
Diabetes duration, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 >10 years | 18 (62.1) | 11 (78.6) | 12 (70.6) | 0.54 |
Insulin, n (%) | 20 (69) | 12 (85.7) | 11 (64.7) | 0.30 |
Diabetes complications, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1 | 6 (20.7) | 4 (28.6) | 3 (17.6) | 0.96 |
 2 | 9 (31) | 4 (28.6) | 6 (35.3) |  |
 3+ | 14 (48.3) | 6 (42.9) | 8 (47.1) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) | 19 (65.5) | 11 (78.6) | 12 (70.6) | 0.68 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 17 (58.6) | 7 (50) | 12 (70.6) | 0.49 |
HbA1C level ≤7.00%, n (%) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (25) | 1 (10) | 0.57 |
Smoking | 3 (10.3) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (23.5) | 0.35 |
Taking antidepressants for depression, n (%) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (14.3) | 12 (70.6) | ≤0.0001 |
Texas Wound Classification, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Superficial wound | 22 (75.9) | 11 (84.6) | 14 (82.4) | 0.42 |
 Infected | 7 (24.1) | 1 (8.3) | 3 (17.6) | 0.63 |
 Neuroischaemic | 27 (93.1) | 13 (92.9) | 15 (88.2) | 0.69 |
Ulcer duration >6 months, n (%) | 25 (86.2) | 9 (64.3) | 14 (82.4) | 0.23 |