Table 1 Foot and ankle items assessed in the 1000 Norms Project
From: 1000 Norms Project: understanding foot and ankle health, disease and normality
Item | Item Description | Measurement variables |
|---|---|---|
Plantar pressure | Collection of plantar pressure during gait using two-step protocol and Emed pressure platform (Novel) | Peak pressure, mean pressure and pressure-time integral at different regions of the foot |
Ankle range of motion | Active ankle plantarflexion measured using goniometry Passive ankle dorsiflexion measured using weight-bearing lunge test | Plantarflexion angle in degrees Dorsiflexion angle in degrees |
Ankle strength | Plantarflexion strength assessed using fixed dynamometry Dorsiflexion strength assessed using handheld dynamometry | Results from three trials presented as raw data in Newtons and also normalised to body weight |
Toe flexor strength | Paper Grip Test assessing strength of hallux and four lesser toes | Pass/fail score recorded for ability to grip paper under toes |
Gait | Spatio-temporal aspects of gait measured using Zeno walkway (Protokinetics) | Step time, step length and width, gait velocity and foot progression angle |
Foot posture | Foot Posture Index consisting of six assessments relating to foot posture | Foot posture graded on a 15-point scale from -12 (varus) to +12 (valgus) |
Ankle instability | Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (Adult and Youth versions) consisting of 9 items pertaining to self-perception of ankle stability | Overall score out of 30 where higher scores indicate greater instability |