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Table 2 Univariate associations between participant characteristics, foot and ankle characteristics and foot pain

From: Correlates of foot pain severity in adults with hallux valgus: a cross-sectional study

 

Average pain VAS

Worst pain VAS

 

Univariate association

p value

Univariate association

p value

Participant characteristics

    

Gender

MD = 1.3 mm

0.85

MD = 6.9 mm

0.56

Age

Pearson’s r = 0.15

0.25

Pearson’s r = 0.06

0.66

BMIa

Pearson’s r = 0.07

0.61

Pearson’s r = 0.04

0.77

Ethnicity

ANOVA F = 0.12

0.88

ANOVA F = 0.16

0.85

Education

ANOVA F = 3.46

0.02*

ANOVA F = 1.50

0.22

General health score (SF-36v2)a

Pearson’s r = -0.32

0.01*

Pearson’s r = -0.26

0.05*

Physical activity level

    

   Work index

Pearson’s r = 0.32

0.02*

Pearson’s r = 0.34

0.009*

   Sport indexa

Pearson’s r = 0.05

0.73

Pearson’s r = 0.01

0.92

   Leisure index

Pearson’s r = 0.00

0.98

Pearson’s r = -0.03

0.81

Footwear worn to examination

    

   Relative heel height > 25 mm

MD = 5.1 mm

0.46

MD = 20.6 mm

0.06*

   Relative ball width

Pearson’s r = -0.01

0.97

Pearson’s r = -0.10

0.46

History of wearing high heels

MD = 6.3 mm

0.17

MD = 5.3 mm

0.49

Frequency of wearing high heels

ANOVA F = 1.07

0.38

ANOVA F = 0.40

0.81

Foot and ankle characteristics

    

Radiographic hallux valgus angle

Pearson’s r = -0.02

0.88

Pearson’s r = 0.03

0.80

Manchester Scale (grade 0 to 3)

ANOVA F = 1.05

0.38

ANOVA F = 1.17

0.33

Presence first MTP joint OA

MD = 6.1 mm

0.31

MD = 5.9 mm

0.55

Presence forefoot callous

MD = 4.1 mm

0.44

MD = 3.7 mm

0.67

Foot Posture Index (score -12 to +12)

Spearman’s rho = 0.06

0.64

Spearman’s rho = -0.04

0.73

Dorsal arch height difference

Pearson’s r = 0.26

0.05*

Pearson’s r = 0.23

0.07*

Midfoot width difference

Pearson’s r = -0.12

0.41

Pearson’s r = -0.11

0.42

Foot Mobility Magnitude

Pearson’s r = 0.16

0.22

Pearson’s r = 0.14

0.29

First MTP joint dorsiflexion

Pearson’s r = -0.15

0.24

Pearson’s r = -0.01

0.93

Ankle lunge test

Pearson’s r = 0.07

0.59

Pearson’s r = 0.05

0.73

Beighton score (range 0 – 9)

Spearman’s rho = -0.22

0.09*

Spearman’s rho = -0.09

0.50

Paper grip test (pass/fail)

MD = 12.7 mm

0.02*

MD = 26.4 mm

0.003*

Hallux muscle strength

    

   Plantarflexion

Pearson’s r = -0.10

0.43

Pearson’s r = -0.10

0.44

   Abductiona

Pearson’s r = -0.08

0.55

Pearson’s r = -0.01

0.92

Pressure-pain threshold

    

   Medial first MTP joint

Pearson’s r = -0.15

0.26

Pearson’s r = -0.14

0.30

   Plantar first MTP joint

Pearson’s r = -0.12

0.38

Pearson’ r = -0.19

0.14

  1. VAS: visual analogue scale; MD: mean difference; SF-36v2: Short Form 36 Health Survey, version 2.
  2. *Statistically significant at alpha p < 0.1.
  3. aTransformed (log, inverse or square).
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Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146