Skip to main content

Table 1 Participant characteristics and foot and ankle characteristics in those with and without disabling foot pain

From: Correlates of foot pain severity in adults with hallux valgus: a cross-sectional study

 

Total (n = 60)

Disabling foot pain (n = 16)

No disabling foot pain (n = 44)

MD (95% CI) or pvalue

Participant characteristics

    

Sex (n female)

53

15

38

p = 0.43

Age (years)

51.5 ± 15.1

56.6 ± 12.0

49.7 ± 15.7

6.9 (-1.8 to 15.6)

BMI (kg/cm2)

25.1 ± 4.3

25.4 ± 3.1

25.0 ± 4.6

0.3 (-2.2 to 2.8)

Ethnicity (n Caucasian)

50

12

38

p = 0.55

Education (n)a

    

   High school

13

4

9

p = 0.34

   Trade/diploma/certificate

15

6

9

 

   Degree

17

2

15

 

   Postgraduate

14

4

10

 

General health score (SF-36v2)

78.7 ± 14.9

72.3 ± 13.6

81.0 ± 14.8

-8.8 (-17.3 to -0.29)*

Physical activity (score range 1 to 5)

    

   Work index

2.63 ± 0.35

2.75 ± 0.29

2.58 ± 0.37

0.17 (-0.04 to 0.37)

   Sport index

2.68 ± 0.90

2.48 ± 0.88

2.75 ± 0.91

-0.26 (-0.79 to 0.27)

   Leisure index

2.86 ± 0.61

2.85 ± 0.75

2.86 ± 0.56

-0.01 (-0.37 to 0.35)

Footwear examinationb

    

   Relative heel height > 25 mm (n (%))

8 (13.8%)

2 (13.3%)

6 (14.0%)

p = 0.95

   Relative ball width (mm)

4.7 ± 4.6

5.0 ± 3.3

4.6 ± 5.0

0.5 (-2.4 to 3.4)

History of wearing high heels (n (%))a

29 (49.2%)

8 (53.3%)

21 (47.7%)

p = 0.71

Frequency of wearing high heels (n)a

    

   Never

21

4

17

p = 0.42

   Seldom

21

8

13

 

   Sometimes

12

3

9

 

   Often

3

0

3

 

   Always

2

0

2

 

Foot and ankle characteristics

    

Radiographic hallux valgus angle (°)

29.5 ± 8.0

31.1 ± 7.8

28.9 ± 8.0

2.2 (-2.5 to 6.8)

Manchester Scale (n)

    

   Grade 0 (none)

1

0

1

p = 0.57

   Grade 1 (mild)

9

1

8

 

   Grade 2 (moderate)

26

7

19

 

   Grade 3 (severe)

24

8

16

 

First MTP joint dorsiflexion (°)

83.8 ± 11.0

84.1 ± 9.7

83.6 ± 11.5

0.45 (-6.0 to 6.9)

Presence first MTP joint OA (n (%))

11 (18.3%)

3 (18.8%)

8 (18.2%)

p = 0.96

Presence forefoot callous (n (%))

44 (73.3%)

13 (81.3%)

31 (70.5%)

p = 0.40

Foot Posture Index (median (min, max))

7 (-3, 11)

7 (1, 11)

7 (-3, 11)

p = 0.93c

Dorsal arch height difference (mm)

12.5 ± 4.3

14.6 ± 5.0

11.8 ± 3.7

2.9 (0.47 to 5.3)*

Midfoot width difference (mm)

9.0 ± 3.5

9.2 ± 4.4

9.0 ± 3.2

0.27 (-1.8 to 2.3)

Foot Mobility Magnitude (mm)

15.8 ± 4.3

17.8 ± 5.2

15.1 ± 3.8

2.7 (0.22 to 5.2)*

Ankle lunge test (cm)

11.5 ± 3.1

11.5 ± 2.6

11.5 ± 3.3

-0.01 (-1.8 to 1.8)

Beighton scale (median (min, max))

1 (0, 9)

0 (0, 9)

1 (0, 6)

p = 0.42c

Paper grip test (n pass (%))

13 (21.7%)

1 (6.3%)

12 (27.3%)

p = 0.08

Hallux muscle strength (N)

    

   Plantarflexion

60.7 ± 28.3

51.6 ± 30.9

64.0 ± 26.8

-12.4 (-28.8 to 3.9)

   Abduction

8.9 ± 6.6

7.5 ± 6.4

9.4 ± 6.7

-2.0 (-5.8 to 1.9)

Pressure-pain threshold (kPa)

    

   Medial first MTP joint

591.5 ± 231.4

552.5 ± 219.9

605.7 ± 236.3

-53.2 (-188.9 to 82.5)

   Plantar first MTP joint

442.5 ± 193.1

428.9 ± 230.8

447.5 ± 180.3

-18.5 (-132.2 to 95.2)

  1. MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval; SF-36v2: Short Form 36 Health Survey, version 2.
  2. *Significant difference between groups (p < 0.05) based on independent t-test (continuous variables) or Pearson’s Chi-squared test (dichotomous or categorical variables).
  3. aFrequencies based on n = 59 due to missing data.
  4. bShoes worn to the examination session; due to footwear that could not be measured by our methods, relative heel height was based on n = 58, and relative ball width was based on n = 53.
  5. cBased on Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Back to article page

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146