Table 6 Outcomes and device review categories of FOs where statistically significant SMDs were observed^ (in descending effect size) (during walking unless otherwise noted)
From: Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus: a systematic review
Study | Level of evidence | SMD | 95% CI | Domain | Specific outcome | Device | Difference in mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Otman et al. [50] | III | -4.11 | -5.24 to -2.98 | Physical function | ↓ energy cost at 1.34 m/s, 0 incline (ml.kg.min-1) | NA | 1.14 |
Redmond et al. [44] | IV | 1.13 | 0.49 to 1.77 | Kinetics | ↑ force-time integral (midfoot) (N/s) | A | 284.60 |
Mündermann et al. [47] | IV | -0.94* | -1.58 to -0.30 | Kinetics | ↓ peak loading rate (N/s)* | A | 10.50 |
Zammit and Payne [42] | IV | -0.93 | -1.55 to -0.30 | Pain | ↓ FHSQ pain subscale following 4 weeks of use (%) | NA | 21.00 |
Mündermann et al. [47] | IV | -0.90* | -1.54 to -0.26 | Rearfoot kinematics | ↓ peak foot eversion (°) * | C | 2.30 |
Hurd et al. [51] | IV | -0.78* | -1.52 to -0.03 | Kinetics | ↓ peak RF eversion moments (Nm.kg-1) * | A | 0.52 |
Mündermann et al. [47] | IV | -0.75 | -1.38 to -0.13 | Kinetics | ↓ peak ankle inversion moment (Nm)* | C | 6.00 |
Murley et al. [40] | IV | -0.76 | -1.29 to -0.24 | Physical function | ↓ TP EMG RMS amplitude (initial) (%) | B | 21.93 |
Zammit and Payne [42] | IV | -0.76 | -1.37 to -0.14 | Physical function | ↓ FHSQ function subscale following 4 weeks of use (%) | NA | 20.40 |
Johanson et al. [49] | IV | -0.72 | -1.33 to -0.11 | Rearfoot kinematics | ↓ peak RF eversion (°) | A | 2.15 |
Mündermann et al. [47] | IV | -0.68 | -1.30 to -0.06 | Kinetics | ↓ peak loading rate (N/s)* | B | 7.70 |
Redmond et al. [44] | IV | -0.65 | -1.26 to -0.04 | Kinetics | ↓ force-time integral (lateral FF) (N/s) | A | 337.80 |
-0.65 | -1.25 to -0.04 | Kinetics | ↓ force-time integral (medial FF) (N/s) | A | 128.20 | ||
0.63 | 0.02 to 1.24 | Kinetics | ↑ force at midfoot (N) | A | 38.90 | ||
Murley et al. [40] | IV | -0.58 | -1.10 to -0.07 | Physical function | ↓ TP EMG peak amplitude (initial) (%) | B | 19.43 |
Murley et al. [40] | IV | -0.55 | -1.07 to -0.04 | Physical function | ↑ PL EMG peak amplitude (midstance +) (%) | B | 21.05 |
Murley et al. [40] | IV | -0.54 | -1.06 to -0.03 | Physical function | ↑ PL EMG RMS amplitude (midstance +) (%) | B | 18.66 |