Table 5 Relevant outcome measures related to changes in: physical function (significant SMD results are bolded) – outcomes are measured during walking unless otherwise noted
From: Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus: a systematic review
Study | Activity | Outcome | No FO (mean ± SD) | Device | FO (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rome and Brown [48] | Quiet standing | Mean of the 300 balance points measured over 30Â seconds (%) | 49.40*^ | NA | 46.10*^ |
Medial to lateral sway - rate of deviation from the mean balance over 30Â seconds (%) | 1.90*^ | NA | 1.30*^ | ||
Anterior to posterior sway - rate of deviation from the mean balance over 30Â seconds (%) | 4.60*^ | NA | 4.80*^ | ||
Otman et al. [50] | Walking on treadmill at 1.34Â m/s | Energy cost (ml/kg/min) | 13.90* | NA | 12.76* |
Murley et al. [40] | Over-ground walking (self-selected ± 5%) | TP EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 101.91 (33.9) | A | 89.51 (36.8) |
B | 82.48 (31.8) | ||||
TP EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 101.94 (30.9) | A | 89.37 (33.6) | ||
B | 80.01 (25.7) | ||||
TP EMG peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) | 90.96 (28.8) | A | 89.62 (22.2) | ||
B | 87.34 (27.3) | ||||
TP EMG RMS amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing)% | 89.60 (24.1) | A | 86.92 (17.83) | ||
B | 85.84 (23.9) | ||||
PL EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 80.16 (35.6) | A | 84.70 (42.1) | ||
B | 90.48 (47.3) | ||||
PL EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 79.44 (27.6) | A | 84.25 (37.5) | ||
B | 98.10 (44.6) | ||||
PL EMG peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) | 62.71 (32.6) | A | 67.78 (33.9) | ||
B | 83.76 (41.9) | ||||
PL EMG RMS amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing)% | 71.90 (39.9) | A | 79.86 (46.0) | ||
B | 96.07 (47.9) | ||||
TA EMG peak amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 116.32 (15.8) | A | 113.49 (15.3) | ||
B | 111.50 (17.4) | ||||
TA EMG RMS amplitude (initial contact and loading)% | 122.02 (19.8) | A | 119.79 (22.0) | ||
B | 113.00 (22.3) | ||||
TP EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) | 10.94 (1.7) | A | 11.37 (2.1) | ||
B | 11.10 (2.2) | ||||
TP EMG time of peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) | 44.95 (4.3) | A | 44.92 (3.69) | ||
B | 45.55 (4.1) | ||||
PL EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) | 10.65 (3.4) | A | 10.52 (3.5) | ||
B | 10.23 (4.6) | ||||
PL EMG time of peak amplitude (midstance, terminal and pre-swing) (% of gait cycle) | 51.65 (7.0) | A | 50.55 (7.91) | ||
B | 50.26 (7.61) | ||||
TA EMG time of peak amplitude (initial contact and loading) (% of gait cycle) | 6.63 (1.4) | A | 6.28 (1.3) | ||
B | 6.39 (1.4) | ||||
Zammit and Payne [42] | FHSQ reported at baseline and 4Â weeks | Increase in FHSQ function subscale (increase in function) | 64.94 (24.0)* | NA | 85.32 (17.7)* |
Murley and Bird [40] | Over-ground walking (self-selected speed) | PL EMG amplitude (% MVIC) | 88.00 (26.5) | A | 98.00 (32.9) |
B | 107.00 (35.8) | ||||
C | 99.00 (32.6) | ||||
TA EMG amplitude (% MVIC) | 122.00 (38.4) | A | 123.00 (42.2) | ||
B | 129.00 (43.1) | ||||
C | 125.00 (30.0) | ||||
Soleus EMG amplitude (% MVIC) | 256.60 (89.6) | A | 251.93 (95.7) | ||
B | 255.70 (94.5) | ||||
C | 260.92 (98.4) | ||||
Chen et al. [39] | Over-ground walking (1.09 ± 0.11 m/s) | Velocity (cm/s) | 108.57 (11.3) | NA | 109.39 (11.1) |
Cadence (steps/min) | 103.98 (6.8) | NA | 104.73 (5.8) | ||
Step width(cm) | 15.44 (5.2) | NA | 15.44 (5.0) | ||
Step length(cm) | 63.09 (4.9) | NA | 61.81 (4.4) | ||
Stance time (%) | 63.72 (1.7) | NA | 63.93 (1.9) |