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Table 1 Table of included studies; level of evidence, cohort characteristics and type of FOs used

From: Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus: a systematic review

Study

Level of evidence

Study design

N

Cohort

Mean age (SD)

Pes planus measure

Domain of outcome measures

FOs brand or type

FOs shell material

FOs posting

RF

FF

Rome and Brown [48]

II

RCT

50 (25/25)

Excessive pronators

23.8 (2.2)

FPI-8

Physical function

Talar made ©

EVA

5°

0°

Esterman and Pilotto [34]

II

RCT

47 (25/22)

Air force recruits

21.6 (3.9)

AI

Pain

AOL®

Plastic

4°

4°

Otman et al. [50]

III-2

CCT

20 (20/20)

Female adults

25.8 (1.3)

Radiographs

Physical function

Arch supports

Polypropylene

0°

0°

Zifchock and Davis [41]

IV

RM

19

Low arched recreation runners

23.6 (6.4)

AHI

Rearfoot kinematics

A. Modified Root device

Graphite

0 – 7°

0°

B. KLM®

Graphite

NR

NR

Mündermann et al. [47]

IV

RM

21

Recreational runners

25.4 (5.6)

RE

Rearfoot kinematics and kinetics

A. Modified Root device

Polypropylene

6 mm

6 mm

B. Modified Root device

Polypropylene

0°

0°

C. Pre-made Insert

EVA

6 mm

6 mm

Cobb et al. [52]

IV

RM

16

Low mobile arch adults

25.4 (6.5)

AHI

Rearfoot kinematics

A. MASS Device

Polyethylene composite

0°

0°

B. Modified Root device

Leather and composite material

NR

NR

Murley et al. [40]

IV

RM

30

Adults

21.8 (4.3)

AI & NH

Physical function

A. Inverted (Blake) device

Polypropylene

20 °

0°

B. Formthotic ®

Duel density polyethylene foam

6 mm

0°

Redmond et al. [44]

IV

RM

22

Excessive pronators

24

RE

Kinetics

A. Modified Root device

Polypropylene

6°

0°

B. Pre-made Insert

Thin card with EVA posts

6°

0°

Zammit and Payne [42]

IV

RM

22

Excessive RF pronators (clinical practice)

44.3 (16.7)

FPI-8

Pain and physical function

Independently prescribed

Variable

IP

IP

Murley and Bird [40]

IV

RM

17

Adults

23.0 (5.0)

FPI-6

Physical function

A. Inverted (Blake) device

NR

30 °

0°

B. Inverted (Blake) device

NR

15°

0°

C. Inverted (Blake) device

NR

0°

0°

Hurd et al. [51]

IV

RM

15

Recreational runners

34.0 (10.0)

FF to RF

Rearfoot kinematics and kinetics

A. Flat foot Insert ©

Polyurethane with a poron layer

0°

4°

B. SofSole®

Graphite Polyurethane

0°

0°

Johanson et al. [49]

IV

RM

22

Physical therapy attendees (clinical practice)

30.5 (8.0)

FF to RF

Rearfoot kinematics

A. Orthofeet Biothotics©

Water injected polyurethane shells with EVA posting

80% of FF post

Up to 7 mm

B. Orthofeet Biothotics©

As above

80% of FF post

0°

C. Orthofeet Biothotics©

As above

0°

Up to 7 mm

D. Orthofeet Biothotics©

As above

0°

0°

Chen et al. [39]

IV

RM

11

Adults

45.9 (15.7)

AI

Kinetics and physical function

NR

Vinyl-acetate & 12% far-infrared nanopowders

NR

NR

  1. RM – repeated measure. CCT – controlled clinical trial. AHI – arch height index, AI – arch index, FF to RF – forefoot to rearfoot relationship, NH – navicular height, FPI-8 – Foot Posture Index – 8- item version, FPI-6 – Foot Posture Index – 6- item version, RE- rearfoot eversion. MASS – maximum subtalar supination position, NR – not reported, FF – forefoot, EVA -ethyl vinyl acetate.
  2. Orthotic Labs: Formthotic (Foot Science International, Christchurch, New Zealand) Flatfoot insert, (Hickory Brands, Inc, Hickory, NC, USA), Sofsole, LLC, Durham, NC), KLM (KLM Orthotic Laboratories; Valencia, CA, USA), AOL (Australian Orthotics Laboratory, International, Kirrance, NSW, Australia), Talar made (Talar Made Orthotics, Chesterfield, UK), Orthofeet Biothotics (Orthofeet Inc, Hillsdale, NJ, USA).
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Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146