Table 3 Overview of included studies regarding components of chronic ankle instability investigated
From: Systematic review of chronic ankle instability in children
Component of CAI investigated | Author | Participant number | Participant characteristics | Measurement | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived instability | Hiller et al.[17] | 116 | Adolescent dancers | CAIT | 71% of sprainers unstable |
Hollwarth et al.[19] | 96 | Severe ankle trauma | Self report | 31% had complaints | |
Marchi et al.[20] | 220 | Moderate-severe ankle injury | Medical report | 42% had complaints 3 yrs post injury | |
54 | 23% had complaints 12 yrs post injury | ||||
Steffen et al.[22] | 1430 | Adolescent soccer players | FAOS | Lower function in previously injured than with no previous injury at baseline (mean diff = −25 (95% CI = −28.5 to -21.9) | |
Timm et al.[24] | 99 | Patients with ankle injury | Medical report | 34% had complaints | |
44% of overweight children (BMI > 85th percentile) | |||||
Mechanical instability | Hiller et al.[17] | 116 | Adolescent dancers | Mod ant drawer | 37% Right, 47% Left of all ankles moderate to very lax |
Hollwarth et al.[19] | 96 | Severe ankle trauma | X-ray | 18% had ligament avulsion | |
Clinical tests | 39% had pathologic clinical findings (as defined by authors) | ||||
Talar tilt >5° | 42% of total had abnormal talar tilt | ||||
Recurrent sprain | Hiller et al.[17] | 116 | Adolescent dancers | Self report | 22% had ≥2 sprains |
Soderman et al.[21] | 153 | Adolescent soccer players | Medical report | 56% of sprainers had recurrent sprain | |
Swenson et al.[23] | 13755 injuries | High school students | Medical report | 25% of all recurrent injuries were ankle injuries | |
Timm et al.[24] | 199 | Patients with ankle injury | Self report | 26% of overweight (BMI > 85th percentile) and16% normal weight reinjured | |
Tyler et al.[25] | 152 | High school footballers | Medical report | 15 non-contact ankle sprains incurred and 9 (60%) were re-sprains of the same ankle | |
Weir & Watson [26] | 266 | Physical education students | Self report | 100% overuse ankle injuries were re-injuries |