Foot kinematics in walking on a level surface and on stairs in patients with hallux rigidus before and after cheilectomy

Table 2 Walking speeds in m/s in all gait conditions, for the control group (Contr.) and for patients (Pat.) pre- and postoperatively*

Speed	Contr.		Pat. preop.		Pat. postop.		Pat. preop. vs. contr.			Pat. postop. vs. contr.			Pat. postop. vs. preop.
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P-value	Cohens’s d	Effect size r	P-value	Cohens’s d	Effect size r	P-value	Cohens’s d	Effect size r
Level	1.38	0.15	1.18	0.07	1.20	0.12	0.034	1.71	0.65	0.021	1.33	0.55	0.484
Up stairs	0.52	0.06	0.50	0.05	0.49	0.05	0.329			0.242			0.176
Down stairs	0.55	0.05	0.53	0.05	0.48	0.05	0.221			0.004	1.4	0.57	0.043	-1.0	-0.45

*Mean and standard deviation (SD); p -values are given for Mann-Whitney U test (patients vs. controls) and Wilcoxon test (postoperatively (postop.) vs. preoperatively (preop.)), and marked in bold if significant on the level of alpha = 0.05.

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