Table 1 Intersegmental foot range of motion (in degrees) for the control group (Contr.) and the patients (Pat.) before (preop.) and after (postop.) the operation for all gait conditions (level, up and down stairs)*
Contr. | Pat. preop. | Pat. postop. | Pat. preop. vs. contr. | Pat. postop. vs. contr. | Pat. postop. vs. preop. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | Cohen’s d | Effect size r | P-value | Cohen’s d | Effect size r | P-value | Cohen’s d | Effect size r |
Hallux dorsi-/plantarflexion | 49.3 | 6.4 | 37.4 | 8.3 | 34.8 | 9.7 | 0.006 | -1.61 | -0.63 | 0.004 | -1.76 | -0.66 | 0.036 | -0.29 | -0.14 |
Hallux ab-/adduction | 6.4 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 0.005 | -1.55 | -0.61 | 0.017 | -1.17 | -0.51 | 0.674 | ||
Talocrural motion (HFMM) | 22.5 | 5.3 | 16.7 | 3.1 | 17.5 | 3.4 | 0.026 | -1.34 | -0.56 | 0.026 | -1.23 | -0.49 | 0.327 | ||
Ankle motion (conventional) | 33.5 | 6.5 | 24.8 | 6.6 | 24.8 | 6.0 | 0.013 | -1.33 | -0.55 | 0.013 | -1.39 | -0.57 | 0.575 | ||
Subtalar motion | 10.2 | 2.6 | 8.7 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 4.1 | 0.215 | 0.804 | 0.327 | ||||||
Medial arch (cavus/planus) | 18.3 | 2.6 | 13.8 | 5.6 | 14.1 | 5.9 | 0.099 | 0.090 | 0.735 | ||||||
Medial arch inclination (med./lat.) | 15.1 | 4.4 | 14.3 | 5.6 | 14.8 | 6.7 | 0.934 | 0.869 | 0.779 | ||||||
Midfoot-ankle pro-/supination | 12.2 | 2.6 | 11.4 | 3.9 | 13.4 | 6.2 | 0.563 | 0.741 | 0.123 | ||||||
Fore-midfoot pro-/supination | 6.8 | 2.0 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 6.3 | 3.0 | 0.032 | -1.20 | -0.52 | 0.248 | 0.025 | 0.75 | 0.35 | ||
Fore-hindfoot ab-/adduction | 8.9 | 2.2 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 6.3 | 2.3 | 0.048 | -1.03 | -0.46 | 0.039 | -1.16 | -0.50 | 0.484 | ||
Metatarsal I-V angle | 10.7 | 1.9 | 10.1 | 2.1 | 10.5 | 2.2 | 0.409 | 0.509 | 0.484 | ||||||
Up stairs | |||||||||||||||
Hallux dorsi-/plantarflexion | 33.6 | 7.0 | 27.7 | 7.8 | 27.3 | 7.8 | 0.189 | 0.113 | 0.735 | ||||||
Hallux ab-/adduction | 6.3 | 2.4 | 8.2 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 0.497 | 0.113 | 0.063 | ||||||
Talocrural motion (HFMM) | 27.9 | 3.6 | 26.8 | 5.7 | 26.9 | 6.6 | 0.684 | 0.892 | 0.866 | ||||||
Ankle motion (conventional) | 37.9 | 4.9 | 33.8 | 7.3 | 35.1 | 8.8 | 0.221 | 0.497 | 0.310 | ||||||
Subtalar motion | 10.7 | 2.3 | 9.7 | 3.3 | 10.8 | 4.3 | 0.618 | 0.964 | 0.499 | ||||||
Medial arch (cavus/planus) | 15.8 | 3.5 | 12.8 | 4.3 | 13.0 | 4.8 | 0.077 | 0.258 | 0.866 | ||||||
Medial arch inclination (med./lat.) | 13.5 | 4.3 | 15.8 | 4.0 | 12.8 | 4.9 | 0.221 | 0.821 | 0.091 | ||||||
Midfoot-ankle pro-/supination | 11.5 | 3.4 | 11.2 | 3.6 | 12.9 | 6.9 | 0.751 | 0.821 | 0.499 | ||||||
Fore-midfoot pro-/supination | 6.3 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 0.016 | -1.20 | -0.51 | 0.160 | 0.176 | ||||
Fore-hindfoot ab-/adduction | 6.4 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 2.3 | 6.0 | 3.4 | 0.441 | 0.821 | 0.310 | ||||||
Metatarsal I-V angle | 11.2 | 2.4 | 12.4 | 3.5 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 0.497 | 0.751 | 0.398 | ||||||
Down stairs | |||||||||||||||
Hallux dorsi-/plantarflexion | 39.5 | 8.3 | 31.3 | 4.0 | 29.7 | 8.6 | 0.021 | -1.26 | -0.53 | 0.026 | 1.16 | 0.50 | 0.866 | ||
Hallux ab-/adduction | 7.4 | 2.7 | 5.1 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 0.094 | 0.008 | 1.44 | 0.59 | 0.398 | ||||
Talocrural motion (HFMM) | 46.5 | 4.8 | 45.8 | 7.1 | 44.9 | 5.8 | 0.618 | 0.258 | 1.000 | ||||||
Ankle motion (conventional) | 61.2 | 5.5 | 55.4 | 7.1 | 55.9 | 5.9 | 0.077 | 0.052 | 1.000 | ||||||
Subtalar motion | 11.6 | 3.7 | 10.9 | 2.6 | 9.3 | 2.9 | 0.684 | 0.221 | 0.063 | ||||||
Medial arch (cavus/planus) | 21.3 | 3.4 | 17.1 | 4.4 | 18.2 | 2.9 | 0.077 | 0.113 | 0.398 | ||||||
Medial arch inclination (med./lat.) | 15.4 | 5.0 | 15.4 | 5.2 | 13.4 | 5.6 | 0.964 | 0.390 | 0.043 | -0.37 | -0.18 | ||||
Midfoot-ankle pro-/supination | 13.6 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 3.4 | 12.9 | 3.6 | 0.441 | 0.964 | 0.176 | ||||||
Fore-midfoot pro-/supination | 7.8 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 1.2 | 0.002 | -2.38 | -0.77 | 0.010 | -1.61 | -0.63 | 0.063 | ||
Fore-hindfoot ab-/adduction | 5.4 | 1.3 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 0.751 | 0.390 | 0.237 | ||||||
Metatarsal I-V angle | 12.7 | 3.1 | 12.4 | 3.0 | 11.6 | 2.7 | 0.751 | 0.441 | 0.866 | ||||||