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Table 3 Mean, p value and 95% confidence interval for the difference between the angle means over the stance phase for barefoot and thong while walking and jogging

From: Effect of thong style flip-flops on children’s barefoot walking and jogging kinematics

   

WALK

 

JOG

 

Phase

Joint

Plane

Barefoot

Thong

p;<0.05

95% CI

Barefoot

Thong

p;<0.05

95% CI

Contact

Ankle

Sagittal

1.1(8.3)

12.0(12.2)

0.005*

−17.8, -4.04

13.0(7.6)

21.1(10.4)

0.005*

−13.2, -2.98

Frontal

−7.5(3.6)

−10.0(5.8)

0.694

−3.23, 2.25,

−4.7(4.3)

−3.6(4.7)

0.31

−3.30, 1.14

Transverse

1.6(4.7)

1.7(3.2)

0.957

−3.15, 3.00

3.6(5.0)

1.4(5.8)

0.194

−1.30, 5.77

Midfoot

Sagittal

−3.8(6.5)

−9.2(12.2)

0.090

−1.00, 11.9

−3.5(6.5)

−6.6(11.9)

0.203

−1.92, 8.13

Frontal

2.0 (2.9)

0.6 (5.0)

0.181

−0.750, 3.55

1.2(3.6)

−2.6(6.5

0.042*

0.15, 7.40

Transverse

−3.6(3.6)

1.0(4.0)

0.441

−5.21, 2.42

−0.8(4.3)

2.2(4.3)

0.075

−6.30, 0.35

Hallux

Sagittal

6.2(4.3)

3.7(5.4)

0.203

−1.57, 6.65

4.3(4.7)

3.3(6.5)

0.694

−4.41, 6.41

Midstance

Ankle

Sagittal

7.6(5.8)

12.6(10.4)

0.124

−11.44, 1.56

20.3(5.4)

24.4(9.0)

0.099

−9.02, 0.88

Frontal

−3.8(3.6)

−4.2(4.7)

0.672

−1.47, 2.20

0.3(4.7)

1.0(4.7)

0.492

−2.94, 1.50

Transverse

4.1(4.3)

2.5(4.0)

0.315

−1.74, 4.96

6.4(5.8)

3.4(5.8)

0.069

−0.28, 6.40

Midfoot

Sagittal

−0.8(6.1)

−7.4(12.6)

0.052

−0.065, 13.3

2.9(7.2)

−2.2(12.6)

0.037*

0.370, 9.73

Frontal

3.6 (1.8)

2.2 (5.0)

0.231

−1.02, 3.83

2.0(4.3)

−0.5(6.1)

0.140

−0.908, 5.71

Transverse

0.5(3.2)

1.9(4.7)

0.421

−5.21, 2.33

0.1(4.7)

2.8(4.0)

0.085

−5.82, 0.435

Hallux

Sagittal

1.1(2.9)

1.2(4.7)

0.926

−2.99, 2.74

−0.3(3.2)

0.4(4.7)

0.664

−4.26, 2.81

Propulsive

Ankle

Sagittal

12.4(8.3)

16.4(11.5)

0.282

−3.74, 11.8

18.0(6.5)

21.0(10.4)

0.242

−8.12, 2.27

Frontal

−6.8(5.0)

−6.8(5.0)

0.552

−1.44, 2.56

−3.6(4.3)

−3.0(4.7)

0.536

−2.68, 1.47

Transverse

0.1(5.4)

−1.3(4.3)

0.383

−1.97, 4.78

3.6(5.8)

0.8(6.1)

0.098

−0.591, 6.09

Midfoot

Sagittal

−3.4(7.2)

−10.1(12.6)

0.044*

0.205, 13.3

−2.1(7.9)

−7.5(11.9)

0.020*

−9.84, -1.01

Frontal

2.5(1.8)

1.9(4.7)

0.645

−2.07, 3.18

1.8(4.0)

−0.3(5.4)

0.153

−0.908, 5.13

Transverse

−0.7(3.2)

0.5(4.7)

0.524

−5.00, 2.69

−0.7(4.3)

1.7(3.6)

0.107

−5.37, 0.594

Hallux

Sagittal

7.0(4.3)

6.0(6.8)

0.675

−3.89, 5.81

7.6(5.4)

5.4(4.3)

0.249

−1.77, 6.30

Stance

Ankle

Sagittal

9.1(6.8)

14.4(8.3)

0.122

−12.32, 1.66

17.6(6.1)

22.0(9.7)

0.070

−9.23, 0.416

Frontal

−5.5(4.0)

−5.8(5.0)

0.775

−1.68, 2.19

−2.8(4.3)

−2.0(4.3)

0.426

−2.86, 1.29

Transverse

1.9(4.7)

0.7(4.0)

0.444

−2.11, 4.52

4.3(5.8)

1.7(5.8)

0.120

−0.798, 6.06

Midfoot

Sagittal

−2.5(6.5)

−9.0 (13.0)

0.055

−0.156, 13.3

−1.1(7.2)

−5.6(11.9)

0.051

−0.31, 9.17

Frontal

2.8(2.2)

1.7(4.7)

0.362

−1.37, 3.48

1.7(4.0)

−0.9(5.8)

0.102

−0.596, 5.78

Transverse

−0.2(3.2)

1.2(4.3)

0.435

−5.20, 2.39

−0.5(3.6)

2.2(4.0)

0.084

−5.65, 0.409

 

Hallux

Sagittal

1.1(2.9)

1.2(4.3)

0.926

−2.99, 2.74

4.9(4.3)

3.5(3.2)

0.384

−2.08, 5.08

  1. * indicates a significant difference compared to barefoot when p < 0.05.
  2. Mean joint angles for ankle and midfoot sagittal, frontal and transverse planes and hallux sagittal plan during stance. Positive value indicates dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction; negative values indicate plantarflexion, inversion and adduction.