From: A review of the foot function index and the foot function index – revised
Instrument; author year | Reliability e.g., IRT, CTT ICC, kappa, test-retest | Cronbach’s alpha | Instrument /Domain N items/ Item generated sources | Validity (Face, content, criterion or construct) and other measures | Response to change | Completion time | Sample N diagnoses conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FFI; Budiman Mak, E [7] 1991 | CTT | Total: 0.96 | FFI | Face: yes | Yes | 10 minutes | N=87 |
ICC total: 0.87 | Pain: 0.70 | 23 items | Criterion: r=0.52 FFI total scores vs 50 ft walked | Early rheumatoid arthritis | |||
ICC (pain): 0.70 | Disability: 0.93 Activity | Clinician and patient | Construct: Yes | Conclusion: Positive | |||
ICC (disability): 0.84 | Limitation 0.73 | ||||||
ICC (activity limitation): 0.81 | |||||||
FFI pain subscale (R/L foot); Saag, KG [23] 1996 | CTT | 0.94-0.96 | FFI side-to-side; Clinician and patient | Face: Yes | N=63 Rheumatoid foot pain | ||
ICC: 0.79-0.89 | Content: Yes | Conclusion: Positive | |||||
FFI and AOS; Domsic, RT [24]1998 | CTT | AOS | Criterion: AOS vs WOMAC disability | N=562 | |||
ICC: 0.97 | 18 items; Clinician | r=0.65 pain r=0.79 | Dx: Ankle Osteoarthritis | ||||
Pain: 0.95 | Construct: Yes | Conclusion: Positive | |||||
Disability: 0.94 | |||||||
FFI & FHSQ. Bennet, PJ [9]1998 | CTT | 0.85-0.88 | FHSQ | Criterion: Yes | 3-5 minutes | N=255 Dx: Hallux valgus osteoarthritis | |
ICC | Pain: 0.88 | 13 items | Construct: Yes, discriminant validity; Goodness of Fit | Conclusion: Positive | |||
0.74-0.92 | Function: 0.85 | Clinician and Patient | |||||
pain 0.86 | Footwear: 0.85 | ||||||
function 0.92 | Foothealth: 0.87 | ||||||
footwear 0.74 | |||||||
foothealth 0.78 | |||||||
FFI (5 pt); Kuyvenhoven, MM [3] 2002 | CTT | 0.88-0.94 | FFI (5 pt) | Concurrent validity: Yes | Yes | N=206 | |
ICC 0.64-0.79 | Total: 0.93 | 15 items | Dx: Non-traumatic foot complaint | ||||
Total: 0.76 | Pain: 0.88 | Clinician | Conclusion: Positive | ||||
Pain: 0.64 | Disability: 0.92 | ||||||
Disability: 0.79 | |||||||
FFI & FIS; Helliwell,P [29] 2005 | IRT | Not performed | FIS | Face: Yes | N=192 | ||
ICC | 51 items | Content: Yes | Rheumatoid arthritis | ||||
Impairment/shoes: 0.84 Activities/participation: 0/96 | 2 subscales | Construct: Yes | Conclusion: Positive | ||||
clinician and patient | Goodness of Fit | ||||||
FFI; Agel, J [25] 2005 | ICC | FFI | N =54 FFI was tested in non-systemic or traumatic foot problems. | ||||
Total: 0.68 | 19 items items each from pain and difficulty subscales were deleted | FFI was good for individuals with low level functioning. | |||||
All subscale values were significant at .01 level | Clinician | Conclusion: Positive | |||||
FFI-R; Budiman-Mak, E [11] 2006 | IRT | Total: 0.95 | FFI-R | Criterion: Yes | 15 minutes | N=92 | |
Person reliability: 0.96 | Pain: 0.93 | Long form (68 items); Short form (34 items) Clinician and patient | Construct: Yes | Dx: Chronic foot and ankle problems | |||
Item reliability:0.93 | Disability: 0.93 | Minimal floor effect (4.5%) | Conclusion: Positive | ||||
Activity limitation: 0.88 | Goodness of Fit | ||||||
Psychosocial: 0.86 | |||||||
FFI & SF 36: SooHoo, NF [27] 2006 | Pearson Correlation of FFI to SF-36: Pain: -0.10 to −0.61; | FFI | Construct: Yes | N=69 | |||
Disability: -0.23 to −0.69 | 23 items | Forefoot and hindfoot complaints | |||||
Activity limitation: -0.23 to −0.61 | 3 domains | Moderate correlation between FFI and SF-36 | |||||
Conclusion: Positive | |||||||
FFI AOFAS; Baumhaur, JF [32] 2006 | ICC AOFAS Summary Scores: Hallux 0.95 Lesser toes: 0.8 Pearson’s correlations mean value AOFAS Hallux vs. FFI: r=0.80, AOFAS lesser toes vs FFI: r=0.69; Pain subscale AOFAS Hallux vs. FFI summary score: r=0.31 | FFI | Content: Yes | N=11 | |||
23 items | Criterion: Yes | Rheumatoid Hallux and lesser toes | |||||
3 domains | Ceiling effect noted in lesser toe activity subscale | Conclusion: Positive | |||||
FFI FHSQ ; Landorf, KB [101] 2007 | ICC measures were reported; Minimal important difference (MID) was the focus of this clinical measure | MID | N=175 | ||||
FHSQ Pain 14, Function 7, General health 9 | Plantar fasciitis | ||||||
FFI Pain 12, Function 7, Total 7 | Conclusion: Positive | ||||||
VAS | |||||||
Pain 9 | |||||||
FFI, AOFAS; Ibrahim, T [33] 2007 | Test-retest AOFAS; pre and post operation was no different; 41% response rate. Pearson correlation with FFI was −0.68 for all the subjective components of AOFAS. Hallux module subjective component was −0.46 | AOFAS subjective component; Items dependent on modules | Criterion: yes | Yes | N=45 Foot and ankle problems | ||
Clinician | Construct: Yes | AOFAS reliability and validity was tested. | |||||
Discriminant and predictive validity | Conclusion: positive with caution due to several limitations as mentioned in the paper. | ||||||
FFI, FFI Taiwan Chinese; Wu, SH [36] 2008 | ICC | CA | Criterion: Yes Floor effect 10% | N=79 | |||
Total 0.82 | Total 0.94 | Traumatic (fracture) non-traumatic plantar fasciitis foot problems | |||||
Pain 0.74 | Pain 0.91 | Conclusion: positive with caution, due to limitations (see article) | |||||
Disability 0.76 activity limitation 0.88 | Disability 0.95 | ||||||
Activity limitation 0.75 | Clinician and patients | ||||||
Pearson’s correlations | |||||||
FFI total with SF 36 r=−0.59 plan- tar fasciitis r=−0.61 ankle fracture | |||||||
FFI, FFI- German Naal FD [34] 2008 | ICC | CA total 0.97 | FFI German 18 items pain and disability subscales 3 items were added to the instrument by patients | Construct yes Convergent validity FFI-G vs PCS of SF-36, VAS pain, disability UCLA activity scale | Yes | 8.3 min | N= 53 |
Total 0.98 | pain 0.90 | Clinician and patients | Various foot problems required surgery | ||||
Pain 0.97 | disability 0.95 | Patient related difficulty 2.4 of rating scale 1-10 | |||||
Disability 0.99 | Cross cultural adaptation English to German with forward and backward protocol | Conclusion: positive | |||||
FFI-R; Rao S [75] 2009 | This report is about minimal detectible change (MDC90) a measure of clinical importance. | FFI-R long 68 items | MDC Total 5 Pain 5 | N=22 Orthoses treatment in mid foot pain | |||
A result of orthoses intervention in midfoot arthritis | Activity limitation 7 | Conclusion positive | |||||
Effect Size (ES) Total 0.4 Pain 0.6 Activity limitation 0.4 | MDC and ES findings are significant | ||||||
FFI-R; Rao, S [76] 2010 | A measure of clinical importance of orthoses intervention | FFI-R long 68 items | MDC Total 5, Pain 5 Stiffness 6, Disanility 7, Activity limitation 7 Psychosocial 7 ES: Total 0.7, Pain 0.84, Stiffness 0.31, Disability 0.6, Limitation 0.57, Psycho social 0.32 | N 30 Mid foot pain | |||
Conclusion positive |