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Table 2 Distributions of foot biomechanical variables in each of the four foot groups, Framingham foot study, 2002–2008

From: Hallux valgus and plantar pressure loading: the Framingham foot study

Variable

No Hallux Valgus / No foot disorder (referent)

Hallux Valgus only

Hallux Valgus + foot disorder

Foot disorder only

Maximum Force (N)

    

Hallux

78.4 (39.70)

64.9 (41.72)†*

47.7 (33.47)†*

70.4 (42.28)†

Lesser Toes

41.1 (27.12)

45.3 (38.04)*

40.7 (25.91)†

38.1 (27.83)

Lateral Forefoot

249.7 (102.50)

225.7 (104.30)†

206.2 (84.81)†*

229.8 (110.81)†

Medial Forefoot

132.9 (72.03)

123.1 (63.02)†

116.4 (62.89)†

130.3 (76.12)

Lateral Midfoot

116.5 (94.35)

108.3 (93.37)

109.5 (76.57)

124.4 (112.22)

Medial Midfoot

18.8 (24.62)

21.0 (32.87)

20.0 (24.17)

21.6 (27.84)

Lateral Rearfoot

175.6 (63.30)

163.9 (59.92)†

151.9 (51.41)†*

167.1 (70.77)†

Medial Rearfoot

196.5 (68.11)

181.8 (65.06)†

172.6 (56.38)†

191.9 (73.32)

Peak Pressure (kPa)

    

Hallux

218.6 (102.01)

212.0 (106.44)†

171.3 (99.38)*

206.0 (106.66)†

Lesser Toes

138.8 (77.36)

144.5 (87.82)†

148.3 (71.93)*

152.2 (90.16)†*

Lateral Forefoot

251.3 (88.12)

240.3 (89.11)†

231.5 (71.15)†

249.6 (88.87)

Medial Forefoot

212.8 (101.25)

206.5 (99.94)

207.2 (86.07)

222.0 (104.89)†

Lateral Midfoot

108.8 (64.45)

106.3 (74.1)

107.8 (61.02)

113.1 (72.42)

Medial Midfoot

74.4 (53.20)

73.5 (65.18)

68.1 (39.27)

73.4 (55.17)

Lateral Rearfoot

216.8 (80.05)

208.2 (80.42)†

200.4 (62.83)*

213.1 (83.86)

Medial Rearfoot

230.0 (85.98)

222.3 (84.72)†

215.3 (67.21)*

233.1 (92.31)

Center of Pressure Excursion Index

14.7 (8.07)

13.0 (8.00)†*

12.5 (7.74)†*

14.5 (8.00)

Modified Arch Index

0.102 (0.0809)

0.098 (0.079)†

0.112 (0.095)*

0.116 (0.099)†*

  1. Means (standard deviations).
  2. CPEI = center of pressure excursion index.
  3. †= significantly different from referent group in crude model at p < 0.05 with Bonferroni adjustment.
  4. *= significantly different from referent group in adjusted model (age, weight, sex) at p < 0.05 with Bonferroni adjustment.