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Table 2 Bone orientation definitions based on anatomical landmarks (right foot)

From: Reliability of clinically relevant 3D foot bone angles from quantitative computed tomography

Bone

First axis

Temporary axis

Second axis

Third axis

Calcaneus

Y calc = | 1 → 2 |

t calc = | 3 → 4 |

X calc = Y calc X t calc

Z calc = X calc X Y calc

Talus

Y tal = | 5 → 6 |

t tal = | 7 → 8 |

Z tal = t tal X Y tal

X tal = Y tal X Z tal

Cuboid

Y cub = | 9 → 10 |

t cub = | 11 → 12 |

X cub = Y cub X t cub

Z cub = X cub X Y cub

Navicular

X nav = | 13 → 14 |

t nav = | 13 → 15 |

Y nav = t nav X X nav

Z nav = X nav X Y nav