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Table 1 Anatomic landmarks and marker placement precision

From: Reliability of clinically relevant 3D foot bone angles from quantitative computed tomography

Bone

Landmarks

Description

Calcaneus

1. Posterior calcaneus

Midpoint of posterior surface of calcaneal tuberosity, centred both medial-laterally and vertically.

 

2.Anterior calcaneus

Centre of the anterior surface of calcaneus, where calcaneus articulates with cuboid.

 

3.Inferior calcaneus

Medial-lateral midline of posterior surface of calcaneal tuberosity, along the inferior border.

 

4.Superior calcaneus

Medial-lateral midline of posterior surface of calcaneal tuberosity, along the superior border.

Talus

5. Posterior talus

At medial-lateral midline of the posterior aspect of talus.

 

6. Anterior talus

Centre of convex surface of talar head, centred both medial-laterally and vertically.

 

7. Medial talus

Dorsal maximum of the medial edge of talar trochlea articular surface.

 

8. Lateral talus

Dorsal maximum of the lateral edge of the talar trochlea articular surface.

Cuboid

9. Posterior cuboid

Centre of proximal cuboid articular surface (articulation with calcaneus).

 

10. Anterior cuboid

Centre of distal cuboid articular surface (articulation with fourth and fifth metatarsals).

 

11. Inferior cuboid

Inferior-lateral edge of the tuberosity of cuboid.

 

12. Superior cuboid

Most superior, dorsal “point” of cuboid.

Navicular

13. Medial navicular

Medial aspect of navicular, centred in the anterior-posterior direction.

 

14. Lateral navicular

Lateral aspect of navicular; centred in the anterior-poster direction.

 

15. Superior navicular

Superior surface of navicular; at the most superior point of its dorsal surface.