The effect of removing plugs and adding arch support to foam based insoles on plantar pressures in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Lin, Tung-Liang; Sheen, Huey-Min; Chung, Chin-Teng; Yang, Sai-Wei; Lin, Shih-Yi; Luo, Hong-Ji; Chen, Chung-Yu; Chan, I-Cheng; Shih, Hsu-Sheng; Sheu, Wayne Huey-Herng

doi:10.1186/1757-1146-6-29

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

Table 3 Comparison between the insole conditions for mean peak pressure, maximum force, and contact area (N = 26)

From: The effect of removing plugs and adding arch support to foam based insoles on plantar pressures in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

ROI
Comparison between insole conditions	Mean difference in mean peak pressure (kPa) and % change between conditions			Mean difference in maximum force (% body weight) and % change between conditions			Mean difference in contact area (cm²)and % change between conditions
Comparison	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test
1 vs. 2	41.1	−15.7%	<0.001	0.2	−0.3%	0.671	0.3	+2.5%	NA*
2 vs. 3	71.5	−32.3%	<0.001	4	−12.2%	0.001	0.5	−4%	NA*
3 vs. 4	14.3	−9.5%	<0.001	2.6	−9%	<0.001	0.2	+1.7%	NA*
	Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p < 0.001			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p < 0.001			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p = 0.612
Non-ROI
Comparison	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test
1 vs. 2	15.2	−8.7%	<0.001	0.2	−0.3%	0.880	0.1	+0.2%	0.862
2 vs. 3	3.6	+2.2%	0.408	3.8	+6.2%	0.004	0.8	+1.6%	0.169
3 vs. 4	4.2	−2.5%	0.304	4.1	−6.3%	<0.001	0.9	+1.8%	0.144
	Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p = 0.002			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p = 0.002			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p = 0.029
Midfoot
Comparison	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test	Mean difference	change ^#	p-Value of post hoc test
1 vs. 2	8.2	−9.2%	NA*	2.8	+23.3%	<0.001	4	+21.2%	0.002
2 vs. 3	0.2	+0.1%	NA*	0.7	+4.7%	0.104	1.2	+5.2%	0.113
3 vs. 4	4.3	+5.4%	NA*	6.6	+42.6%	<0.001	12.4	+51.5%	<0.001
	Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p = 0.052			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p < 0.001			Repeated measure ANOVA between conditions: p < 0.001

The four insole conditions are: 1. baseline; 2. pre-plug removal; 3. post-plug removal; and 4. post-plug removal plus arch support.
Note: Due to the main purpose of our study is to test the effect of plugs removal (comparison between 2 vs. 3), arch addition (3 vs. 4), and the original insole itself (1 vs. 2), the results about condition 1 vs. 3, 1 vs. 4, and 2 vs. 4 are not shown in the Table 3.
^# A decrease (−) in the % indicates that the latter insole condition recorded a lower value than the former and an increase (+) in the % indicates that the latter insole condition recorded a higher value than the former.
* Post hoc test for pairwise comparison between each two of the four conditions is not required if repeated measure ANOVA shows no significant difference between the four conditions.

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ISSN: 1757-1146

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