Table 1 Group demographics and physical characteristics

Age (years)

55 ± 9

58 ± 11

28 ± 6

<0.05

Race

4 Black

4 Black

2 Black

NS

16 Caucasian

15 Caucasian

16 Caucasian

1 Asian

2 Asian

Gender (M/F)

10 / 10

9 / 11

11 / 9

NS

HT (cm)

175 ± 8

172 ± 8

173 ± 10

NS

WT (kg)

113 ± 26

95 ± 26

79 ± 18

<0.05

BMI (kg/m²)

37 ± 7

32 ± 8

26 ± 5

<0.05

DM Type (1/2)

2 / 14

3 / 16

N/A

NS

DM duration (years)

16 ± 10

15 ± 13

N/A

NS

Touch/pressure to S-W monofilament (No.)

Absent

Diminished (4)

Normal (20)

NS

(20)

Absent (16)

VPT (volts)

33 ± 12

27 ± 12

N/A

NS

HbA1c (%)

7.8 ± 1.8

7.8 ± 1.4

N/A

NS

Eichenholtz stage (No. I/II)

18/2

N/A

N/A

Schon classification (No. Type I/II/III/IV/mixed)

7/2/1/5/5

N/A

N/A

Deformity foot (R/L)

9/11

N/A

N/A