Table 1 Pooled effect of bare feet vs. athletic footwear during running (+’ve: attenuated in BF, –‘ve: attenuated in shod)

Vertical Ground Reaction Force

Impact Transient

De Wit et al 2000, Divert et al 2005, Esnault 1985, Lieberman et al 2010

108

0.22 [0.20, 0.23]

<0.00001

Peak Force

Alcantara et al 1996, Braunstein et al 2010, Dickinson et al 1986, Fong et al 2007, Kerrigan et al 2009, Serrao & Amadio 2001, Squadrone & Gallozzi 2009,Stockton & Dyson 1998

128

-0.03 [-0.07, 0.01]

0.19

Loading Rate

Impact Transient

De Wit 2000, Lieberman 2010

72

-3.56 [-4.10, -3.02]*

<0.00001

Peak Force

Alcantara 1996, Serrao & Amadio 2001

11

-0.59 [-2.52, 1.35]*

0.55

Tibial Acceleration

Peak Force

Alcantara et al 1996, McNair & Marshall 1994

18

-3.19 [-4.35, -2.03]*

<0.00001