Table 5 Mean differences and statistical significance for kinematic variables for shod and barefoot walking.
From: Effect of children's shoes on gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Variable | Shoe Condition | Authors | n | Weighting | Mean difference [95%CI] | Statistical significance: z Score (P) | Heterogeneity: I 2% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hallux flexion ROM(°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 64.5% | -11.52 [-13.64, -9.40] | - | - |
Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 35.5% | -11.40 [-14.26, -8.54] | - | - | |
Combined | Pooled effect | 38 | 100.0% | -11.48 [-13.18, -9.78] | 13.22 (P < 0.00001) | 0% | |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -9.30 [-12.29, -6.31] | 6.09 (P < 0.00001) | N/A | |
Sagittal tibia-rearfoot ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 43.5% | 1.24 [-1.80, 4.28] | - | - |
Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 56.5% | 4.10 [1.84, 6.36] | - | - | |
Combined | Pooled effect | 38 | 100.0% | 2.86 [0.08, 5.64] | 2.01 (P = 0.04) | 54% | |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | 3.20 [0.91, 5.49] | 2.74 (P = 0.006) | N/A | |
Sagittal tibia-foot ROM (°) | Oxford | Wilkinson et al. [20] | 27 | 49.3% | 6.40 [3.40, 9.40] | - | - |
Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 50.4% | -0.80 [-3.53, 1.93] | - | - | |
Combined | Pooled effect | 45 | 100.0% | 2.75 [-4.31, 9.80] | 0.76 (P = 0.45) | 91% | |
Athletic | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 26 | 100.0% | 7.60 [4.13, 11.07] | 4.29 (P < 0.0001) | N/A | |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -1.00 [-3.82, 1.82] | 0.70 (P = 0.49) | N/A | |
Medial arch length ROM (°) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -4.00 [-5.35, -2.65] | 5.82 (P < 0.00001) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -3.90 [-5.32, -2.48] | 5.37 (P < 0.00001) | N/A | |
'Subtalar' rotation ROM(°) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | 0.90 [-0.09, 1.89] | 1.78 (P = 0.07) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | 1.10 [0.11, 2.09] | 2.18 (P = 0.03) | N/A | |
Foot torsion ROM (°) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -5.10 [-6.67, -3.53] | 6.36 (P < 0.00001) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -4.60 [-6.27, -2.93] | 5.41 (P < 0.00001) | N/A | |
Forefoot supination ROM (°) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -1.90 [-3.48, -0.32] | 2.36 (P = 0.02) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -1.90 [-3.40, -0.40] | 2.48 (P = 0.01) | N/A | |
Foot rotation ROM (°) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -2.20 [-4.88, 0.48] | 1.61 (P = 0.11) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -1.50 [-4.32, 1.32] | 1.04 (P = 0.30) | N/A | |
Forefoot width ROM (%) | Walking | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -5.40 [-6.97, -3.83] | 6.74 (P < 0.00001) | N/A |
Walking (increased flexibility) | Wolf et al. [8] | 18 | 100.0% | -3.80 [-5.37, -2.23] | 4.74 (P < 0.00001) | N/A | |
Midfoot sagittal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al.[23] | 20 | 100.0% | -7.44 [-11.15, -3.73] | 3.93 (P < 0.0001) | N/A |
Midfoot frontal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | -3.07 [-5.04, -1.10] | 3.06 (P = 0.002) | N/A |
Midfoot transverse plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | -5.01 [-6.55, -3.48] | 6.39 (P < 0.00001) | N/A |
Rearfoot frontal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | -1.68 [-4.27, 0.90] | 1.28 (P = 0.20) | N/A |
Rearfoot transverse plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | 0.39 [-2.52, 3.29] | 0.26 (P = 0.79) | N/A |
Knee sagittal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | 9.21 [3.22, 15.21] | 3.01 (P = 0.003) | N/A |
Knee frontal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | 0.02 [-1.48, 1.52] | 0.02 (P = 0.98) | N/A |
Knee transverse plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | -0.13 [-4.80, 4.55] | 0.05 (P = 0.96) | N/A |
Hip sagittal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | 2.04 [-1.21, 5.29] | 1.23 (P = 0.22) | N/A |
Hip frontal plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | -0.40 [-2.39, 1.58] | 0.40 (P = 0.69) | N/A |
Hip transverse plane ROM (°) | Oxford | Wegener et al. [23] | 20 | 100.0% | 1.10 [-1.05, 3.25] | 1.00 (P = 0.32) | N/A |
Ankle max dorsiflexion (°) | Oxford | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 27 | 100.0% | -7.20 [-11.18, -3.22] | 3.54 (P = 0.0004) | N/A |
Athletic | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 26 | 100.0% | -1.70 [-5.45, 2.05] | 0.89 (P = 0.37) | N/A | |
Ankle angle at foot lift (°) | Oxford | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 27 | 100.0% | -5.70 [-10.45, -0.95] | 2.35 (P = 0.02) | N/A |
Athletic | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 26 | 100.0% | -1.50 [-5.92, 2.92] | 0.67 (P = 0.51) | N/A | |
Ankle max plantarflexion (°) | Oxford | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 27 | 100.0% | -0.70 [-5.94, 4.54] | 0.26 (P = 0.79) | N/A |
Athletic | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 26 | 100.0% | 5.80 [1.58, 10.02] | 2.69 (P = 0.007) | N/A | |
Ankle ROM, foot lift to max plantarflexion (°) | Oxford | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 27 | 100.0% | 5.00 [1.79, 8.21] | 3.05 (P = 0.002) | N/A |
Athletic | Wilkinson et al.[20] | 26 | 100.0% | 7.30 [3.56, 11.04] | 3.82 (P = 0.0001) | N/A |