The effectiveness of manual stretching in the treatment of plantar heel pain: a systematic review

Table 10 Summary of changes in mean pain scores for groups receiving different types of stretches

	Outcome	Group	Baseline Score (+/- SD)	Follow up score (+/- SD)	Change in mean score (+/- SD) if available	Between group difference (p value)
Giovanni [15]	Pain (100 mm visual analogue scale) sub-scale of Foot Function Index (0 = no pain)	Weight bearing Achilles stretch	Not stated	Not stated	Pain at worst -14.7 ^##(+/-19.9) 1^st am steps -13.2 ^##(+/-27.7) Combined pain score -13.0^##(+/-20.8)	Pain at worst p = 0.02 ^#Mean 11.3 1^st steps in morning p = 0.006 ^#Mean 17.9 Combined score p > 0.05 ^#Mean 6.0
		Non weight bearing plantar fascia stretch	Not stated	Not stated	Pain at worst -26.0 ^##(+/-24.3) 1^st am steps -31.1 ^##(+/-28.8) Combined pain score -19.0 ^##(+/-19.9)
Porter [14]	Foot and ankle pain score	Sustained	57.5 (20.1)	79.7 (17.5)	^#22.2	P = 0.315
	(100 = no pain)	Intermittent	53.5 (22.0)	82.5 (15.2)	^#29.0

Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error.
^#Calculated by current authors or estimated from charts
^##Current authors estimation from charts and converting standard error to standard deviation (SD = SE√n)

ISSN: 1757-1146