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Figure 4 | Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

Figure 4

From: Lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review

Figure 4

Dynamic plantar loading variables (plantar pressures) during running (Black plots = significant effects with group difference adjacent the right error bar, Grey plots = non-significant effects). Figure 4A shows variables related to the displacement of the centre of force; Figure 4B shows variables related to the timing of loading or unloading of specific regions of the foot; Figure 4C shows variables related to peak force; and Figure 4D shows variables related to the force time integral. Abbreviations: dy, displacement of the centre of force in the y-direction (postero-anterior direction); dx, displacement of the centre of force in the x-direction (medio-lateral direction); Ratio2; medio-lateral force distribution underneath the forefoot; First contact, instant at which the zone made contact; End contact, instant at which the zone made end contact; t, time to; Relt; relative time to; Absintegral, absolute force time integral; Relintegral, relative force time integral; LFC, instant of last foot contact; FFPOP, forefoot push-off phase; FFC, instant of first foot contact; FFCP, forefoot contact phase; ICP, initial contact phase; HO: instant of heel off; FFF, instant of forefoot flat; FMC, instant of first metatarsal contact; FFP, foot flat phase; T1, hallux; M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5; metatarsal heads 1 to 5; Hm, medial heel; Hl, lateral heel; N, Newtons; Sec, seconds. * Variables were reported to have statistically significant differences between groups in original study.

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