Table 1 Summary of Previous Rear-Foot FHA and IHA studies (in date order).
Talocrural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | Study type | # | Inclination | Â | Â | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Cor | Sag | Ax | Rot | Trans |
Inman [11] | Static, cadaver (max PF - DF) | 49 | 82° (SD 3.6°) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Manley [10] | Static, cadaver (max PF - DF) | -- | 80° (SD 10°) | -- | 84° | -- | -- |
Lundberg [16] | Static,in vivo (max PF - DF) | 8 | -- | -- | -2° (SD 5°) | -- | -- |
van den Bogert [21] | Model optimization with in vivo data | 14 | -- | 6.84° | 19.1° | -- | -- |
Arndt [23] | in vivo, gait (begin-end PF) | 3 | -- | 7.5° - 33.6° | 56.1° -69.9° | -- | -- |
Pearce [17] | Static,in vivo (max inv -ev) | 20 | -- | -- | -- | 5.2° (SD 2.2°) | -- |
Siegler [15] | Static,in vivo (neutral to inv) | 7 | -- | -- | -- | 8.4° (SD 5.7°) | 3 mm (SD 2.5 mm) |
Current | in vivo, simulated toe-raise | 25 | 84.5° (SD 12.9°) | 22.0° (SD 41.7°) | 105.8° (SD 12.2°) | 31.7° (SD 11.3°) | -0.5 mm (SD 1.4 mm) |
Subtalar | |||||||
Manter [13] | Static cadaver (max PF - DF) | -- | -- | 42° (range 29°-47°) | 16 (range 8° -24°) | -- | -- |
Root [9] | Static, cadaver (max PF - DF) | 22 | -- | 41° (SD 8.36°) | 17° (SD 2.23°) | -- | -- |
Close [22] | in vivo, gait | 8 |  |  |  | 17.6° (SD 6.7°) |  |
Inman [11] | Static, cadaver (max PF - DF) | 49 | -- | 42° (SD 9°) | 23 (SD 11°) | -- | -- |
Manley [10] | Static, cadaver | -- | -- | 41° | 23° | -- | -- |
Lundberg [16] | Static,in vivo (max PF - DF) | 8 | -- | 34° (SD 16°) | 32° (SD 16°) | -- | -- |
Pearce [17] | Static,in vivo (max inv -ev) | 20 | -- | -- | -- | 10.9° (SD 3.3°) | -- |
Leardini [12] | Static, cadaver (max Inv. - Ev) | 6 | -- | range 43.5°-60.8° | range 32.8°-46.5° | -- | -- |
Arndt [23] | in vivo, gait (begin-end PF) | 2 | -- | 31.4° - 36.45° | 15.7° -23.5° | -- | -- |
Siegler [15] | Static,in vivo (neutral to inverted) | 7 | -- | -- | -- | 9° (SD 4°) | 1.9 mm (SD 1.2 mm) |
Biemers [14] | Static,in vivo (max PF- DF) | 20 | -- | 9.5° (SD 46.8°) | 23.6° (SD 30.1°) | 7.3° (SD 6.0) | 1.mm (SD 2.1 mm) |
Current | in vivo, simulated toe-raise | 25 | variable | variable | variable | 15.1° (SD 9.7°) | -0.3 mm (SD 1.4 mm) |