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Table 1 Participant characteristics

From: Foot posture influences the electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during gait

 

Foot posture groups

 

Flat-arch

n = 30

Normal-arch

n = 30

General anthropometric

  

Gender ratio (female/male)

15/15

15/15

Age mean ± SD (years)

21.8 ± 4.3

23.6 ± 5.9

Height mean ± SD (cm)

171.0 ± 10.0

169.7 ± 9.7

Weight mean ± SD (Kg)

73.3 ± 15.50

69.9 ± 13.6

Left or right foot countFC

13 right/17 left

13 right/17 left

Clinical measurements

  

AI mean ± SD

0.30 ± 0.07*

0.24 ± 0.04*

NNHt mean ± SD

0.18 ± 0.04†

0.27 ± 0.03†

Radiographic measurements

  

CIA mean ± SD (degrees)

15.7 ± 4.5#

20.8 ± 3.5#

C1MA mean ± SD (degrees)

142.3 ± 6.0‡

132.8 ± 4.1‡

TNCA mean ± SD (degrees)

27.6 ± 9.0^

11.9 ± 8.1^

T2MA mean ± SD (degrees)

27.1 ± 10.1¥

13.0 ± 6.4¥

Walking velocity

1.21 ± 0.13**

1.10 ± 0.11**

  1. AI -- arch index, NNHt -- normalised navicular height truncated, CIA -- calcaneal inclination angle, C1MA -- calcaneal first metatarsal angle, TNCA -- talo-navicular coverage angle, T2MA -- talus-second metatarsal angle.FCdenotes the number of participants whose left or right foot was suitable for inclusion in their respective group (i.e. normal-arch or flat-arch).
  2. Mean differences and 95% confidence interval (CI) expressed relative to normal-arch.
  3. Statistically significant findings for comparisons listed below (p < 0.001):
  4. * AI: mean difference 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09
  5. † NNHt: mean difference -0.09, 95% CI -0.11 to -0.08
  6. #CIA: mean difference -5.13°, 95% CI -7.21 to -3.05°
  7. ‡C1MA: mean difference 9.47°, 95% CI 6.8 to 12.14°
  8. ^TNCA: mean difference 15.70°, 95% CI 11.28 to 20.12°
  9. ¥ T2MA: mean difference 14.08°, 95% CI 9.73 to 18.44°
  10. ** Walking speed: mean difference 0.11 ms, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.17 ms
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Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

ISSN: 1757-1146