Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants
Variable | All participants (n = 256) |
|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), years | 72.2 (12.7) |
Gender, n (%) | |
Male | 178 (69.5) |
Toxic habits, n (%) | |
Smokers | 50 (19.5) |
Former smokers | 88 (34.4) |
Non-smokers | 118 (46.1) |
High-risk alcohol intake | 14 (5.4) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |
Hypertension | 207 (80.9) |
Hyperlipidemia | 175 (68.4) |
Stroke | 37 (14.5) |
Ischemic heart disease | 55 (21.5) |
Hearth failure | 50 (19.5) |
Peripheral artery disease | 165 (64.5) |
Macrovascular complications | 101 (39.5) |
Retinopathy | 82 (32.0) |
Kidney disease | 148 (57.8) |
Peripheral neuropathy | 165 (64.5) |
Clinical variables | |
Diabetes duration, mean (SD), years | 13.5 (8.1) |
BMI, mean (SD), | 29.6 (5.35)) |
HbA1c, mean (SD), %HbA1c, mean (SD), mmol/mol | 7.9 (1.9) 61.3 (14.6) |
Foot characteristics,n(%) | |
Previous history of DFU | 70 (27.3) |
Any previous amputation | 23 (8.9) |
Any previous major amputation | 2 (0.8) |
Foot deformities | 104 (40.6) |
Inadequate footwear | 167 (65.2) |
Decreased visual acuity | 112 (43.8) |
Problems with mobility | 106 (41.4) |
Need of a caregiver | 89 (34.8) |
At least one podiatrist visit in the previous year | 125 (48.8) |
Ulcer site, n (%) | |
Toes, plantar | 31 (12.1) |
Toes, dorsal or interdigital aspect | 112 (43.8) |
Dorsal or lateral aspect of the foot | 53 (20.7) |
Plantar forefoot or midfoot | 23 (8.9) |
Heel | 37 (14.5) |
Depth of the ulcer* | |
Superficial ulcer | 197 (77.0) |
Deep ulcer | 59 (23.0) |
Extension of the ulcer** | |
≤ 1 cm2 | 144 (56.2) |
> 1cm2 | 112 (43.8) |
Ulcer type,n (%) | |
Neuropathic ulcers | 52 (20.3) |
Neuro-ischemic ulcers | 113 (44.1) |
Ischemic ulcers | 52 (20.3) |
Without peripheral neuropathy or ischemic disease | 39 (15.3) |
Infection status,n (%) | |
No infection | 150 (58.6) |
Infection | 106 (41.4) |
Neuropathy and infection | 67 (26.1) |
PAD and infection | 65 (25.3) |
SINBAD classification | |
SINBAD, mean (SD) | 2.48 (1.17) |
SINBAD < 3 | 139 (54.3) |
SINBAD ≥ 3 | 117 (45.7) |
PEDIS classification | |
PEDIS, mean (SD) | 5.21 (1.87) |
PEDIS < 7 | 191 (74.6%) |
PEDIS ≥ 7 | 65 (25.4%) |