Table 10 Studies using foot function measures in observational studies

FFI, 2004

Novak, P [4]

Epidemiology of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Correlation of pain score with 6 minute walk time; Comparing intergroup pain score

Total N: 90; 3 groups;

Cross-Sectional study

FFI

VAS scale

High pain score correlated with shorter distance walk, group with Type II diabetes neuropathy with symptoms showed the highest pain scores

Descriptive & correlation statistics

Neuropathy with symptoms N: 30 Mean age 64.87 (SD=11)

9 items

Conclusion: useful

20 male

Pain scale

Neuropathy, no symptoms N:30; Mean age: 64.87 (SD=11)

20 male;

Healthy volunteers N: 30; Mean age: 64.87 (SD=11)

20 male;

Slovenia

FFI, 2004

Williams, AE [90]

Epidemiology Rheumatic diseases

N: 139; 39 male

Cross sectional study

FFI

VAS scale

FFI scores showed a high prevalence of foot and ankle pathologies, which indicated the need of podiatry care

Descriptive statistics

To assess foot health status

Age: NA

23 items

Conclusion: useful

Inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases

3 domains

UK

FFI, 2006

Williams, AE [91]

Epidemiology of Paget diseases of the foot Concurrent measures of FSI and quality of Life 12-items short form

N: 134; 64 male

Cross sectional study Descriptive statistics

FFI

VAS scale

Correlations of scores were not found between instruments

Mean age: 74.5 (46–91)

23 items

Conclusion: not useful

UK

3 domains

FFI, 2006

Rosenbaum, D [95]

Plantar sensitivity assesstment

N:25; 2 male

Observational study

FFI 23 items 3 domains

VAS scale

FFI was to evaluate foot sensation related to RA

Rheumatoid arthritis foot

Mean age: 55 (SD=9.9) RA; 9.6 (SD=7)

Conclusion: useful

Evaluate the correlation of painful walking and loss of sensitivity of the plantar surface of the foot

Germany

FFI, 2008

Schmeigel, A [96]

Pedobarography in rheumatoid arthritis

N: 112; Mean age: 55 (SD=11)

Observational

FFI

VAS scale

Higher FFI scores correlated with pedograph scores

To evaluate the function and pedographic impairment

RA1; N: 36; HAQ scores 0–1

23 items; 3 domains

Conclusion: useful

Correlation of foot pain and pedograph

3 male; Mean age: 50.6 (SD=10.5)

RA1: FFI total score: 20.7 (SD=12.9)

RA2; N: 38 HAQ scores 1.1-2

RA2: FFI total score: 28.8 (SD=12.1)

1 male; Mean age: 55.2 (SD=10.4)

RA3: FFI total score: 48.7 (SD=15.9)

RA3 N: 38 HAQ scores 2.1-3

2 male; Mean age: 58.5 (SD=11.3)

Control NA

Control N:20 Mean age: 53.2 (SD=12.3)

Germany

FFI, 2010

Kamanli, A [92]

Foot Bone Mineral Density

RA: N: 50; RA<3 yrs

1 male, 5 female

Cross sectional study

FFI

VAS

Moderate-strong correlation of FFI scores with disease duration, VAS pain scale, Stoke index, HAQ, femur bone mineral density (BMD). No correlation with foot BMD.

To assess the correlation of FFI scores with VAS pain scale, HAQ Ritchie articular index, and stoke index

Descriptive statistics

Pain scale 9 items

RA>3 yrs

Conclusion: useful.

4 male, 40 female

Mean age: 52 (SD=10.9)

OA: N:40; 3 male

Mean age: 52.4 (SD=11.8)

Healthy volunteers; N: 14

Turkey

FFI, 2010

Goldstein, CL [94]

Foot and ankle trauma

N: 52; 31 male

Cross sectional study the mean duration post trauma 15.5 months (1 month-10 years)

FFI

VAS

There was a high correlation among FFI scores and the 5 listed instruments.

Correlation of FFI, SF-12, SMFA, FAAM, AAOS, AOFAS

Mean age: 43.3 (18–85)

9 items

Conclusion: useful

OA; Foot and ankle trauma

Pain scale

Canada

FFI, 2010

Kavlak, Y[93]

Elderly men Concurrent measure with VAS pain scale, foot problem score, hind foot function scale

N: 53; 53 male

Cross sectional study

FFI

VAS scale

FFI was simple and comprehensive and was significantly correlated with hind foot function scale, and scores of timed up and go.

Mean age: 73.8 (7.08)

23 items

Conclusion: useful

Foot problems

3 domains

Turkey