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Table 3 Ankle, knee and hip moments (mean ± SD)

From: A comparison of gait biomechanics of flip-flops, sandals, barefoot and shoes

Variables

Barefoot

Sandals

Flip-flops

Shoes

F

p

Peak ankle dorsiflexion moment in early stance (Nm/kg)

0.11 ± 0.04

0.13 ± 0.04*

0.11 ± 0.04#

0.16 ± 0.04*#&

9.7

0.008

Peak ankle plantarflexion moment (Nm/kg)

-1.24 ± 0.21

-1.30 ± 0.13

-1.33 ± 0.13

-1.35 ± 0.09

1.5

0.230

Peak ankle inversion moment in late stance (Nm/kg)

0.29 ± 0.23

0.26 ± 0.22*

0.26 ± 0.22*

0.17 ± 0.10

6.4

0.026

Peak knee extension moment in early stance (Nm/kg)

0.49 ± 0.16

0.51 ± 0.10

0.50 ± 0.13

0.53 ± 0.13

0.7

0.567

Peak knee extension moment in late stance (Nm/kg)

0.40 ± 0.05

0.40 ± 0.04

0.41 ± 0.06

0.40 ± 0.06

0.4

0.744

1st peak knee abduction moment (Nm/kg)

-0.40 ± 0.12

-0.42 ± 0.12

-0.41 ± 0.10

-0.41 ± 0.11

0.8

0.504

Peak hip flexion moment in late stance (Nm/kg)

0.63 ± 0.09

0.67 ± 0.11*

0.66 ± 0.10*

0.66 ± 0.11

9.5

0.007

  1. * significantly different from barefoot, # significantly different from sandals, and & significantly different from flip-flops. A positive moment refers to an ankle dorsiflexion moment, ankle inversion moment, knee extension moment, or hip flexion moment; a negative moment refers a plantarflexion moment or knee abduction moment.